c39d410e-37a9-41fa-a844-11b961e91f3bSunflower meal (economic allocation)wet mill with solvent extractionproduction mix, at plant25-30% CPMaterials productionFood and renewable raw materialsThe data set is an estimation for sunflower cake production under French conditions. Estimation is based on the data set for sunflower cake production in Canada using French electricity production mix, thermal energy from natural gas and diesel mix production. The data set represents a cradle to gate inventory with a good overall data quality. The inventory is based on literature, and expert estimations0Dataset is estimated based on Canadian Sunflower Wet Mill technology, electricity mix, diesel mix and thermal energy production from natural gas specific from France.Production
In the year 2006, around 10.7 million tons of sunflower oil was produced, with around 1.9 million in the EU. In the EU, France is the largest producer with more than 0.4 million tons [FAO STAT 2007]. Therefore, France was chosen as country for sunflower oil production for this dataset
Production quantity of sunflower oil in thousand tones 2006
World 10,650
there off European Union [27] 1,880
there off the ten largest producer:
France 415
Romania 350
Hungary 260
Netherlands 181
Italy 167
Spain 140
Bulgaria 100
Properties, products and type of use
The height of a sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is typically between 100 -350 cm with a stem-width around 5 cm.
Sunflower seeds are used for the production of sunflower oil, mayonnaise and margarine. The residues of the production like the oilcake are further used as fodder. In technical applications, refined sunflower oil is used as grease or diluent [Natur 2007]. Sunflowers can be sub-divided into three different types: The “feed-type” has a very high amount of leaves. It is mainly used as forage, silage and for green manuring. The “adornment-type” often has more than one flower. The “food-type” has big and loosely fixed seeds. Generally, the amount of hull of sunflower seeds is very low. For one liter oil the seeds of around 60 sunflowers are needed.
Scope
The model covers the whole agricultural process of the production of sunflower seeds and the subsequent processing to sunflower oil. Single steps within the agricultural production of seeds are sowing, cultivation, fertilization, plant protection, irrigation and harvesting. The agricultural system frame ends with the harvested sunflower seeds at the field border.
Process description “Cultivation”
Pre-Fruit
Grain crops and maize are very useful pre-fruit for sunflower since they don’t lead to high nitrate concentrations in the soil after harvest. Legumes are difficult to use as pre-fruits, because of hardly controllable nitrate release. All cultivation plants that are vulnerable to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum can’t be used as pre-fruits. These are for example rape, tobacco, soy, sunchoke, some vegetables as well as the sunflower itself. After these species a crop rotation of 3 to 4 years is necessary before sunflower can be grown. In this model grain crop is used as pre-fruit.
Sowing
In the model the soil temperature during sowing in the beginning of April is set to 7.5°C. For the cultivation, in the spring the soil is threaten by typical steps of plowing, grubbing, seed bed preparing and sowing of single seeds. On one hectare, 7 kg seeds have to be sown, that means a plant density of 60,000 to 70,000 sunflowers per hectare.
Fertilization
Besides nitrate, sunflowers have a higher demand on Potassium and Boron, but the demand on Phosphorus and Magnesium is similar to that of grain crops. In this model 600 kg of nitrate, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (15:15:15) with three times of spreading is taken as a basis. This means a nitrate fertilization of 90 kg N/ha. Additionally 100 kg potassium chloride / ha were assumed to be provided.
Plant protection
Protection of the sunflower fields from weed is done twice in the model with herbicidal treatment. The most important viruses are the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea. Both are chemically resistant, what means an accurate planning and realization of the pre-fruiting is very important [Krüger 2003]. Furthermore, it is assumed that the seeds are treated with caustic soda and that a treatment against plant louse is carried out.
Irrigation
According to Krüger 2003, it is a viable option to irrigate at the beginning of flowering especially on light soils. Due to this, the assumption for the model is that in total 3,000,000 l/ha (what means 300 mm/ha) water is additionally irrigated.
Harvesting and yield
Sunflowers are generally mature long before they are dry enough for combining. Seed maturity occurs when the backs of the heads are yellow, but the fleshy sunflower head takes a long time to dry [Putnam 2000]. Often, there are only a few good combining days in October when the seed is dry enough for storage. When the seeds in the middle of the flower-basket are black and on the back of this basket are brown to black colored, then harvesting takes place. Below a water-content of 14 % the process of threshing can start. It is assumed that the plant is harvested with a water content of 10 %. The yearly seed yield used for modeling is averaged according to several literature values to 3,400 kg/ha [BECKER 2007, CETIOM 2002, KRÜGER 2003, AGRESTE 2003, PELLET 2004].
Modeling
This dataset is based on secondary data from literature and expert judgment. Background data, e.g. life cycle inventories for thermal energy supply, electrical power supply, etc. were exclusively adopted from the GaBi databases.
The following table shows the inventory data for the cultivation process and the main product characteristics.
Parameter Value Unit Source
Seeds 7 kg/(ha*year) Assumption PE
Yield 3.40 t fresh weight (fw)/(ha*year) Becker 2007, CETIOM 2002, Krüger 2003, Agreste 2003, Pellet 2004.
DM content harvest
(recommended for lowest losses) 90 % Assumption PE
Lower calorific value 23.85 MJ/kg fw PHYLLIS 2010
Carbon content 0.54 kg / kg fw PHYLLIS 2010
Nutrient content
Nitrogen content seeds 0.024 kg / kg fw PHYLLIS 2010
Fertilizer application
N 90 kg/(ha*year) Assumption based on Krüger 2003
P2O5 90 kg/(ha*year) Assumption based on Krüger 2003
K2O 150 kg/(ha*year) Assumption based on Krüger 2003
Water-use Requirements
Irrigation water 300 mm/a Assumption based on Krüger 2003
Diesel
Field processes 59.9 l/(ha*year) Assumption based on Krüger 2003
Transports of fertilizer etc.
to farm and field 15.8 l/(ha*year)
Pesticides
Insectides 19.6 g active ingredient (ai) /(ha*year) Krüger 2003, own calculations
Herbicides 6.16 kg ai /(ha*year)
Stems were assumed to be left on the field, the nutritional value was considered as a credit for the following crop.
Field emissions of NH3, NOx, N2, NO3-, CH4, and N2O gases from organic and mineral fertiliser degradation have been assessed based on, Bouwmann, A. F. 1996, Brentrup, F. et. al. 2000, IPCC 2003 and IPCC 2008. The agricultural model within GaBi used for calculation assumes that nitrate is stored in the soil, so after accounting for uptake by crop and losses a defined fraction of the input is available in the following production period.
Impacts associated with atmospheric deposition of different forms of nitrogen play an important role in eco systems and were included in this assessment.
Carbon dioxide uptake and conversion by the crop (removing CO2 from the atmosphere) is assessed in order to understand the carbon losses during post harvest processing. The carbon dioxide uptake is considered as a carbon dioxide input flow in the GaBi dataset.
The carbon losses associated with land use changes (e.g. forest clearance to produce agricultural land) have not been considered in this study. Land Use Change has to be considered if natural, original area is converted to agricultural land. In the present case the previous land use was assumed to be crop land, therefore carbon losses associated with area clearance and land use change to produce agricultural land were neglected.
Wet milling process of sunflower seeds is similar to the process of rapeseeds wet milling. After the arrival, seeds undergo a “dockage” process, removing all extraneous plants and foreign matter from the sunflower seeds. The seeds are then dehulled and kernels flaked in preparation for oil extraction. The seeds are pre-pressed into flakes, before they are then put through a hexane, or “solvent”, extraction process. The hulls and oil extraction process leftovers are mixed into the meal by-product to further en-rich its nutrition content. The hexane extraction process yields 99% of all oil contained within the seed. Therefore the resulting meal has a mere 1% fat content. No further processing of Sunflower oil is included in this dataset (de-odorising, bleaching etc.)
Sunflower seed mill
This dataset is based on secondary data from literature and expert estimations.
The following table shows the outputs of sunflower wet milling process per 1 kg of sun-flower seed input.
Parameter Value Unit Source
Outputs
Sunflower meal (25-30% CP) 0.58 kg (Pierce, 1970)
Sunflower Oil 0.40 kg (Pierce, 1970)
Background system:
Electricity: Electricity from renewable and non- renewable powerplants is modelled so that it represents a country’s specific consumption mix including transmission / distribution losses, own consumption, imports, emissions and efficiency standards, and energy carrier properties. Several factors are taken into account. (1) Energy carrier production - The exploration, mining / production, processing, and transportation of energy carrier supply chains are modelled for each country. The models account for differences among countries in production and processing, including crude oil production technologies, flaring rates, production efficiencies, emissions, etc. (2) Energy carrier supply - Each country’s specific energy carrier supply is modelled, taking into account domestic supply versus imports from abroad. Energy carrier properties (e.g. carbon and energy content), which can vary depending from where an energy carrier is sourced, are adjusted accordingly. (3) Power plants - Models are created to represent energy carrier-specific power plants and electricity generation facilities specific to different renewable energy resources. Energy carrier production and supply models are used to represent power plant inputs. Combined heat and power (CHP) plants are also considered. (4) Electricity grid - Models representing the electricity generation facilities are combined into a larger model that reflects a country’s consumption mix. The larger model accounts for a country’s production mix, internal consumption (e.g. pumped storage for hydro power), transmission / distribution losses, and imported electricity. The country model is also adjusted according to national power plant emission and efficiency standards, as well as the country’s share of electricity plants versus CHP facilities.
Thermal energy, process steam: The thermal energy and process steam supply is modelled to reflect each country’s emission standards and typical energy carriers (e.g., coal, natural gas, etc.) Both thermal energy and process steam are assumed to be produced at heat plants. Thermal energy datasets assume energy carrier inputs are converted to thermal energy with 100% efficiency; process steam datasets assume conversion efficiencies of 85%, 90% to 95%. The energy carriers used for the generation of thermal energy and process steam are modelled according to each country’s import situation (see electricity above).
Transportation: All relevant and known transportation processes are included. Ocean-going and inland ship transport as well as rail, truck and pipeline transport of bulk commodities are considered.
Energy carriers: The energy carriers and their respective properties are modelled according to the specific supply situation (see electricity above).
Refinery products: Diesel fuel, gasoline, technical gases, fuel oils, lubricants and residues such as bitumen are modelled with a parameterised country-specific refinery model. The refinery model aims to represent each country’s refining processes (e.g. emissions levels, internal energy consumption, etc.), as well as the country’s product output spectrum, which can vary significantly among countries. The supply of crude oil is likewise modelled according to the country-specific situation and accounts for differences in resource properties (e.g., crude oil energy content).Sunflower Wet MillCyclohexaneMunicipal waste water treatment (mix)Diesel mix at refineryThermal energy from natural gasElectricity grid mixSunflower cake for feed purposes.renewables_sunflower cake.jpgLCI resultAttributionalNoneAllocation - market valueForeground system: none
Background system: For the combined heat and power production, allocation by exergetic content is applied. For the electricity generation and by-products, e.g. gypsum, allocation by market value is applied due to no common physical properties. Within the refinery allocation by net calorific value and mass is used. For the combined crude oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids production allocation by net calorific value is applied.Direct land use change: GHG emissions from direct LUC allocated to good/service for 20 years after the LUC occurs.
Carbon storage and delayed emissions: credits associated with temporary (carbon) storage or delayed emissions are not considered in the calculation of the Global Warming Potential impacts for the default impact categories.
Emissions off-setting: not included
Fossil and biogenic carbon emissions and removals: removals and emissions are modelled as follows: All GHG emissions from fossil fuels (including peat and limestone) are modelled consistently with the ILCD list of elementary flows. In the case that the emissions refer to the molecules CO2 and CH4, they are modelled as ‘carbon dioxide (fossil)’ and ‘methane (fossil)’. Biogenic uptake and emissions are modelled separately. For land use change, all carbon emissions and uptakes are inventoried separately for each of the elementary flows. Soil carbon accumulation (uptake) via improved agricultural management is excluded from the model.NoneGaBi Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Water Modelling PrinciplesCut-off rules for each unit process: Coverage of at least 95 % of mass and energy of the input and output flows, and 98 % of their environmental relevance (according to expert judgement). Additional cut-off rules applied on this dataset are: systematic exclusion of infrastructure, services, auxil-iaries etc.; systematic exclusion of air in incineration pro-cesses etc. For further details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"NoneLCI modelling is fully consistent. For details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"NoneFor details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"NoneDalgaard R. et al. 200895.02009-2013noneThe data set represents a cradle to gate inventory. The datasets is an estimation based on literature sources for Candian sunflower wet mill. How-ever, a combination with individual unit processes using this commodity enables the generation of country and/or user-specific (product) LCAs.All relevant flows quantifiedAnthropogenic Abiotic Depletion Potential (AADP), TU BerlinCML2001 - Jan. 2016, Abiotic Depletion (ADP elements)CML2001 - Jan. 2016, Abiotic Depletion (ADP fossil)CML2001 - Jan. 2016, Acidification Potential (AP)CML2001 - Jan. 2016, Eutrophication Potential (EP)CML2001 - Jan. 2016, Freshwater Aquatic Ecotoxicity Pot. (FAETP inf.)CML2001 - Jan. 2016, Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years)CML2001 - Jan. 2016, Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years), excl biogenic carbonCML2001 - Jan. 2016, Human Toxicity Potential (HTP inf.)CML2001 - Jan. 2016, Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity Pot. (MAETP inf.)CML2001 - Jan. 2016, Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP, steady state)CML2001 - Jan. 2016, Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)CML2001 - Jan. 2016, Terrestric Ecotoxicity Potential (TETP inf.)CML2001 - Jan. 2016, Global Warming Potential (GWP 100), excl bio. C, incl LUC, no norm/weightCML2001 - Jan. 2016, Global Warming Potential (GWP 100), incl bio. C, incl LUC, no norm/weightCML2001 - Jan. 2016, Global Warming Potential (GWP 100), Land Use Change only, no norm/weightCML2001 - Jan. 2016, Abiotic Depletion (ADP elements), Economic ReserveCML2001 - Jan. 2016, Abiotic Depletion (ADP elements), Reserve BaseEF 2.0 AcidificationEF 2.0 Human toxicity, cancerEF 2.0 Climate Change - totalEF 2.0 Ecotoxicity, freshwaterEF 2.0 Eutrophication, freshwaterEF 2.0 Eutrophication, marineEF 2.0 Eutrophication, terrestrialEF 2.0 Ionising radiation, human healthEF 2.0 Land UseEF 2.0 Human toxicity, non-cancerEF 2.0 Ozone depletionEF 2.0 Photochemical ozone formation, human healthEF 2.0 Resource use, fossilsEF 2.0 Resource use, mineral and metalsEF 2.0 Particulate matterEF 2.0 Water useReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Terrestrial ecotoxicityReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Freshwater ecotoxicityReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Marine ecotoxicityReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Human toxicity, non-cancerReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Human toxicity, cancerReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Climate change, incl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Climate change, default, excl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Metal depletionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Photochemical Ozone Formation, Human HealthReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Photochemical Ozone Formation, EcosystemsReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Fossil depletionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Freshwater ConsumptionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Stratospheric Ozone DepletionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Fine Particulate Matter FormationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Terrestrial AcidificationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Ionizing RadiationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Freshwater EutrophicationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Land useReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Marine EutrophicationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Climate change, excl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weightReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Climate change, incl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weightReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(E) - Climate change Terrest Ecosystems, excl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weighReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(E) - Climate change Human Health, excl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weighReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(E) - Climate change Freshw Ecosystems, excl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weighReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(E) - Climate change Terrest Ecosystems, incl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weighReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(E) - Climate change Human Health, incl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weighReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(E) - Climate change Freshw Ecosystems, incl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weighReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(E) - Climate change Freshw Ecosystems, LUC only, no norm/weightReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(E) - Climate change Human Health, LUC only, no norm/weightReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (E) - Climate change, LUC only, no norm/weightReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(E) - Climate change Terrest Ecosystems, LUC only, no norm/weightReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Terrestrial ecotoxicityReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Freshwater ecotoxicityReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Marine ecotoxicityReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Human toxicity, non-cancerReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Human toxicity, cancerReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Climate change Freshw Ecosystems, default, excl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Climate change Human Health, default, excl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Climate change Terrest Ecosystems, default, excl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Climate change Terrest Ecosystems, incl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Climate Change Human Health, incl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Climate change Freshw Ecosystems, incl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Metal depletionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Photochemical Ozone Formation, Human HealthReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Photochemical Ozone Formation, EcosystemsReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Fossil depletionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Freshwater Consumption, Human HealthReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Freshwater Consumption, Terrest EcosystemsReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Freshwater Consumption, Freshw EcosystemsReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Stratospheric Ozone DepletionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Fine Particulate Matter FormationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Terrestrial AcidificationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Ionizing RadiationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Freshwater EutrophicationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Land useReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (E) - Marine EutrophicationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Terrestrial ecotoxicityReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Freshwater ecotoxicityReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Marine ecotoxicityReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Human toxicity, non-cancerReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Human toxicity, cancerReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Climate change, default, excl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Climate change, incl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Metal depletionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Photochemical Ozone Formation, Human HealthReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Photochemical Ozone Formation, EcosystemsReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Fossil depletionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Freshwater ConsumptionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Stratospheric Ozone DepletionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Fine Particulate Matter FormationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Terrestrial AcidificationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Ionizing RadiationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Freshwater EutrophicationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Land useReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Marine EutrophicationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Climate change, excl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weightReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(H) - Climate change Terrest Ecosystems, excl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weighReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(H) - Climate change Human Health, excl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weighReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(H) - Climate change Freshw Ecosystems, excl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weighReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Climate change, incl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weightReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(H) - Climate change Terrest Ecosystems, incl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weighReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(H) - Climate change Human Health, incl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weighReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(H) - Climate change Freshw Ecosystems, incl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weighReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(H) - Climate change Freshw Ecosystems, LUC only, no norm/weightReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(H) - Climate change Human Health, LUC only, no norm/weightReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (H) - Climate change, LUC only, no norm/weightReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(H) - Climate change Terrest Ecosystems, LUC only, no norm/weightReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Terrestrial ecotoxicityReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Freshwater ecotoxicityReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Marine ecotoxicityReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Human toxicity, non-cancerReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Human toxicity, cancerReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Climate change Freshw Ecosystems, default, excl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Climate change Human Health, default, excl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Climate change Terrest Ecosystems, default, excl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Climate change Terrest Ecosystems, incl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Climate change Human Health, incl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Climate change Freshw Ecosystems, incl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Metal depletionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Photochemical Ozone Formation, Human HealthReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Photochemical Ozone Formation, EcosystemsReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Fossil depletionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Freshwater Consumption, Human HealthReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Freshwater Consumption, Terrest EcosystemsReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Freshwater Consumption, Freshw EcosystemsReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Stratospheric Ozone DepletionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Fine Particulate Matter FormationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Terrestrial AcidificationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Ionizing RadiationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Freshwater EutrophicationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Land useReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (H) - Marine EutrophicationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Terrestrial ecotoxicityReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Freshwater ecotoxicityReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Marine ecotoxicityReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Human toxicity, non-cancerReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Climate change, default, excl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Climate change, incl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Metal depletionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Photochemical Ozone Formation, Human HealthReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Photochemical Ozone Formation, EcosystemsReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Fossil depletionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Human toxicity, cancerReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Freshwater ConsumptionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Stratospheric Ozone DepletionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Fine Particulate Matter FormationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Terrestrial AcidificationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Ionizing RadiationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Freshwater EutrophicationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Land useReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Marine EutrophicationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Climate change, excl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weightReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(I) - Climate change Terrest Ecosystems, excl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weighReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(I) - Climate change Human Health, excl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weighReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(I) - Climate change Freshw Ecosystems, excl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weighReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Climate change, incl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weightReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(I) - Climate change Terrest Ecosystems, incl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weighReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(I) - Climate change Human Health, incl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weighReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(I) - Climate change Freshw Ecosystems, incl biog. C, incl LUC, no norm/weighReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(I) - Climate change Freshw Ecosystems, LUC only, no norm/weightReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(I) - Climate change Human Health, LUC only, no norm/weightReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Midpoint (I) - Climate change, LUC only, no norm/weightReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpt(I) - Climate change Terrest Ecosystems, LUC only, no norm/weightReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Terrestrial ecotoxicityReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Freshwater ecotoxicityReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Marine ecotoxicityReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Human toxicity, non-cancerReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Climate change Freshw Ecosystems, default, excl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Climate change Human Health, default, excl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Climate change Terrest Ecosystems, default, excl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Climate change Terrest Ecosystems, incl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Climate change Human Health, incl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Climate change Freshw Ecosystems, incl biogenic carbonReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Metal depletionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Photochemical Ozone Formation, Human HealthReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Photochemical Ozone Formation, EcosystemsReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Fossil depletionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Human toxicity, cancerReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Freshwater Consumption, Human HealthReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Freshwater Consumption, Terrest EcosystemsReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Freshwater Consumption, Freshw EcosystemsReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Stratospheric Ozone DepletionReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Fine Particulate Matter FormationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Terrestrial AcidificationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Ionizing RadiationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Freshwater EutrophicationReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Land useReCiPe 2016 v1.1 Endpoint (I) - Marine EutrophicationIPCC AR5 GWP20, incl biogenic carbonIPCC AR5 GWP100, incl biogenic carbonIPCC AR5 GTP50, incl biogenic carbonIPCC AR5 GTP20, incl biogenic carbonIPCC AR5 GTP100, incl biogenic carbonIPCC AR5 GTP20, incl biogenic carbon, Land Use Change only, no norm/weightIPCC AR5 GTP20, incl biogenic carbon, incl Land Use Change, no norm/weightIPCC AR5 GTP50, incl biogenic carbon, incl Land Use Change, no norm/weightIPCC AR5 GWP100, incl biogenic carbon, incl Land Use Change, no norm/weightIPCC AR5 GWP100, incl biogenic carbon, Land Use Change only, no norm/weightIPCC AR5 GTP100, incl biogenic carbon, incl Land Use Change, no norm/weightIPCC AR5 GTP50, incl biogenic carbon, Land Use Change only, no norm/weightIPCC AR5 GTP100, incl biogenic carbon, Land Use Change only, no norm/weightIPCC AR5 GWP20, incl biogenic carbon, Land Use Change only, no norm/weightIPCC AR5 GWP20, incl biogenic carbon, incl Land Use Change, no norm/weightIPCC AR5 GWP20, excl biogenic carbonIPCC AR5 GTP20, excl biogenic carbonIPCC AR5 GWP100, excl biogenic carbonIPCC AR5 GTP50, excl biogenic carbonIPCC AR5 GTP100, excl biogenic carbonIPCC AR5 GWP20, excl biogenic carbon, Land Use Change only, no norm/weightIPCC AR5 GTP100, excl biogenic carbon, Land Use Change only, no norm/weightIPCC AR5 GWP100, excl biogenic carbon, Land Use Change only, no norm/weightIPCC AR5 GWP100, excl biogenic carbon, incl Land Use Change, no norm/weightIPCC AR5 GTP20, excl biogenic carbon, Land Use Change only, no norm/weightIPCC AR5 GWP20, excl biogenic carbon, incl Land Use Change, no norm/weightIPCC AR5 GTP100, excl biogenic carbon, incl Land Use Change, no norm/weightIPCC AR5 GTP50, excl biogenic carbon, Land Use Change only, no norm/weightIPCC AR5 GTP50, excl biogenic carbon, incl Land Use Change, no norm/weightIPCC AR5 GTP20, excl biogenic carbon, incl Land Use Change, no norm/weightLANCA v2.3, Biotic Production Loss Potential (Occupation)LANCA v2.3, Biotic Production Loss Potential (Transformation)LANCA v2.3, Erosion Potential (Occupation)LANCA v2.3, Erosion Potential (Transformation)LANCA v2.3, Groundwater Regeneration Reduction Potential (Occupation)LANCA v2.3, Groundwater Regeneration Reduction Potential (Transformation)LANCA v2.3, Infiltration Reduction Potential (Occupation)LANCA v2.3, Infiltration Reduction Potential (Transformation)LANCA v2.3, Physicochemical Filtration Reduction Potential (Occupation)LANCA v2.3, Physicochemical Filtration Reduction Potential (Transformation)TRACI 2.1, Global Warming Air, incl. biogenic carbonTRACI 2.1, Resources, Fossil fuelsTRACI 2.1, Human toxicity, cancer (recommended)TRACI 2.1, Human toxicity, non-canc. (recommended)TRACI 2.1, Global Warming Air, excl. biogenic carbonTRACI 2.1, Smog AirTRACI 2.1, Ecotoxicity (recommended)TRACI 2.1, AcidificationTRACI 2.1, EutrophicationTRACI 2.1, Human Health Particulate AirTRACI 2.1, Ozone Depletion AirTRACI 2.1, Global Warming Air, excl biogenic carbon, incl LUC, no norm/weightTRACI 2.1, Global Warming Air, LUC only, no norm/weightTRACI 2.1, Global Warming Air, incl biogenic carbon, incl LUC, no norm/weightUBP 2013, Carcinogenic substances into airUBP 2013, Energy resourcesUBP 2013, Global warmingUBP 2013, Heavy metals into airUBP 2013, Heavy metals into soilUBP 2013, Heavy metals into waterUBP 2013, Land useUBP 2013, Main air pollutantsUBP 2013, Mineral resourcesUBP 2013, Non radioactive waste to depositUBP 2013, Ozone layer depletionUBP 2013, Pesticides into soilUBP 2013, POP into waterUBP 2013, Radioactive substances into airUBP 2013, Radioactive substances into waterUBP 2013, Radioactive waste to depositUBP 2013, Water pollutantsUBP 2013, Water resourcesUBP 2013, Global warming, incl Land Use ChangeUBP 2013, Global warming, Land Use Change onlyUSEtox 2.1, Ecotoxicity (recommended and interim)USEtox 2.1, Ecotoxicity (recommended only)USEtox 2.1, Human toxicity, cancer (recommended and interim)USEtox 2.1, Human toxicity, cancer (recommended only)USEtox 2.1, Human toxicity, non-canc. (recommended and interim)USEtox 2.1, Human toxicity, non-canc. (recommended only)AWARE, high characterization factor for unspecified waterAWARE, low characterization factor for unspecified waterAWARE, OECD+BRIC average for unspecified waterBlue water consumptionBlue water useTotal freshwater consumption (including rainwater)Total freshwater useWSI, high characterization factor for unspecified waterWSI, low characterization factor for unspecified waterWSI, OECD+BRIC average for unspecified waterAWARE (excl hydropower), high characterization factor for unspecified waterAWARE (excl hydropower), low characterization factor for unspecified waterAWARE (excl hydropower), OECD+BRIC average for unspecified waterBlue water consumption (excl hydropower)Blue water use (excl hydropower)Total freshwater consumption (excl hydropower, including rainwater)Total freshwater use (excl hydropower)WSI (excl hydropower), high characterization factor for unspecified waterWSI (excl hydropower), low characterization factor for unspecified waterWSI (excl hydropower), OECD+BRIC average for unspecified waterThe LCI method applied is in compliance with ISO 14040 and 14044. The documentation includes all relevant information in view of the data quality and scope of the application of the respective LCI result / data set. The dataset represents the state-of-the-art in view of the referenced functional unit.Sphera Solutions GmbHIABP-GaBiIBP-GaBiOverall quality according to different validation schemes
GaBi = 2,3 interpreted into "good overall quality" in the GaBi quality validation scheme
ILCD = 2,6 interpreted into "basic overall quality" in the ILCD quality validation scheme
PEF = 2,3 interpreted into "good overall quality" in the PEF quality validation schemeThe dataset and systems, which are provided with our software and databases for public use into a broad user community, are constantly used, compared, benchmarked, screened, reviewed and results published in various external, professional and third party LCA applications in industry, academia and politics. So user feedback via the online GaBi forum or direct via user information is a standard routine in the maintenance and update process and leads to stable quality and constant control and improvement of data, if knowledge or technology improves or industrial process chains develop or change.GaBi user forumGaBi bug forumGaBi user communityGaBi conformity systemFully compliantFully compliantFully compliantFully compliantFully compliantNot definedUNEP SETAC Life Cycle InitiativeNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedILCD Data Network - Entry-levelNot definedFully compliantFully compliantNot definedFully compliantNot definedSphera Solutions GmbHThis background LCI data set can be used for any types of LCA studies.Sphera Solutions GmbH2021-02-01T00:00:00.000ILCD format 1.1Sphera Solutions GmbHNo official approval by producer or operator2021-02-01T00:00:00.00000.00.001Data set finalised; entirely publishedGaBi databasesSphera Solutions GmbHtrueOtherGaBi (source code, database including extension modules and single data sets, documentation) remains property of Sphera Solutions GmbH. Sphera Solutions GmbH delivers GaBi licenses comprising data storage medium and manual as ordered by the customer. The license guarantees the right of use for one installation of GaBi. Further installations using the same license are not permitted. Additional licenses are only valid if the licensee holds at least one main license. Licenses are not transferable and must only be used within the licensee's organisation. Data sets may be copied for internal use. The number of copies is restricted to the number of licenses of the software system GaBi the licensee owns. The right of use is exclusively valid for the licensee. All rights reserved.Sunflower Meal (25-30% CP)Output1.01.00.000Mixed primary / secondaryCalculatedvaluable