72502e9f-23cb-43d4-9a65-18e947e092caLandfill of softwood glulam, untreated (typical) (EN 15804 D)technology mixend-of-life mix, at producer621 kg/m3 at 12% moisture content (dry basis) / 10.7% water content (wet basis)End-of-life treatmentThis dataset has been prepared in accordance with ISO 14025:2006, EN 15804:2013, PCR 2012:01 of the International EPD System (2015) and the General Programme Instructions of the Australasian EPD® Programme (Version 2.0, 2017). It is an end-of-life scenario (EN 15804 modules C4&D) which has a degradable organic carbon fraction (DOCf) wood value of between 0-1.6% depending on the wood product type. This is based on bioreactor laboratory research by Wang et al. (2011) and Ximenes et al. (2013). This value can be considered as an upper limit for degradation of carbon in solid timber placed in a landfill. The impacts associated with the landfill are declared in module C4. All landfill gas that is combusted for energy recovery (module C4) is assumed to occur in a power plant with an electrical conversion efficiency of 36% (Australian Government 2014, p. 189) and the resulting electricity receives a credit for offsetting average electricity from the Australian grid (module D) in line with EN 16485:2014 (Section 6.3.4.5).
Australian Government. (2014). Technical Guidelines for the Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Facilities in Australia. Department of Environment.
Wang, W., Padgett, J., De La Cruz, F. and Barlaz, M. (2011). Wood biodegradation in laboratory-scale landfills. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(16), pp. 6864-6871.
Ximenes, F., Brooks, P., Wilson, C., & Giles, D. (2013). Carbon Storage in Engineered Wood Products in Landfills. Forest and Wood Products Australia. Retrieved August 07, 2017, from http://www.fwpa.com.au/rd-and-e/processing/181-carbon-storage-in-engineered-wood-products-in-landfills.html0Typical landfill in Australia.Foreground system:
The landfill scenario assumes the following for carbon emissions:
This dataset represents an end-of-life scenario where products in Australia go to landfill with the following DOCf value:
- Softwood: 0.1%
- Hardwood: 0%
- Particleboard: 1.6%
- MDF: 0.7%
- Plywood: 1.4%
- Softwood glulam: 0.1%
- Hardwood glulam: 0%
Of the gases formed from any degradation of wood in landfill, 50% is methane and 50% is
carbon dioxide (Australian Government 2014b).
All carbon dioxide is released directly to the atmosphere.
36% of the methane is captured, based on forecasted average methane capture in Australian landfills by 2020 (Hyder Consulting 2007). Of this, one quarter (9% of the total) is flared and three quarters (27% of the total) are used for energy recovery (Carre 2011).
Of the 64% of methane that is not captured, 10% (6.4% of the total) is oxidised (Australian Government 2014b) and 90% (57.6%) is released to the atmosphere.
In summary, for every kilogram of carbon converted to landfill gas, 71.2% is released as carbon dioxide
and 28.8% is released as methane.
Background system:
Electricity: Electricity is modelled according to the individual country-specific situations. The country-specific modelling is achieved on multiple levels. Firstly, individual energy carrier specific power plants and plants for renewable energy sources are modelled according to the current national electricity grid mix. Modelling the electricity consumption mix includes transmission / distribution losses and the own use by energy producers (own consumption of power plants and "other" own consumption e.g. due to pumped storage hydro power etc.), as well as imported electricity. Secondly, the national emission and efficiency standards of the power plants are modelled as well as the share of electricity plants and combined heat and power plants (CHP). Thirdly, the country-specific energy carrier supply (share of imports and / or domestic supply) including the country-specific energy carrier properties (e.g. element and energy content) are accounted for. Fourthly, the exploration, mining/production, processing and transport processes of the energy carrier supply chains are modelled according to the specific situation of each electricity producing country. The different production and processing techniques (emissions and efficiencies) in the different energy producing countries are considered, e.g. different crude oil production technologies or different flaring rates at the oil platforms.
Thermal energy, process steam: The thermal energy and process steam supply is modelled according to the individual country-specific situation with regard to emission standards and considered energy carriers. The thermal energy and process steam are produced at heat plants. Efficiencies for thermal energy production are by definition 100% in relation to the corresponding energy carrier input. For process steam the efficiency ranges from 85%, 90% to 95%. The energy carriers used for the generation of thermal energy and process steam are modelled according to the specific import situation (see electricity above).
Transports: All relevant and known transport processes are included. Ocean-going and inland ship transport as well as rail, truck and pipeline transport of bulk commodities are considered.
Energy carriers: The energy carriers are modelled according to the specific supply situation (see electricity above).
Refinery products: Diesel fuel, gasoline, technical gases, fuel oils, lubricants and residues such as bitumen are modelled with a parameterised country-specific refinery model. The refinery model represents the current national standard in refining techniques (e.g. emission level, internal energy consumption, etc.) as well as the individual country-specific product output spectrum, which can be quite different from country to country. The supply of crude oil is modelled, again, according to the country-specific situation with the respective properties of the resources.Electricity grid mixDiesel mix at refineryGravel (Grain size 2/32) (EN15804 A1-A3)Polyethylene Film (PE-LD) without additivesDried quartz sand (grain size 0/2)Asphalt binder (rolled asphalt) estimationExpanded clay (EN15804 A1-A3)Process steam from natural gas 90%Ammonia (NH3) without CO2 recovery (carbon dioxide emissions to air)Disposal of wood products in landfill.eol_landfill for wood products parameterised.jpgeol_landfill of wood products.jpgLCI resultAttributionalNoneAllocation - market valueAllocation - element contentAllocation - massAllocation - volumeForeground system: For refinery products, allocation is done by mass and net calorific value.
Background system: For the combined heat and power production, allocation by exergetic content is applied. For the electricity generation and by-products, e.g. gypsum, allocation by market value is applied due to no common physical properties. Within the refinery allocation by net calorific value and mass is used. For the combined crude oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids production allocation by net calorific value is applied.
For details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"Foreground system: none
Background system: All data used in the calculation of the LCI results refer to net calorific value.NoneGaBi Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Water Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Energy Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Refinery Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Agriculture Model DocumentationGaBi Land Use Change Model DocumentationEnvironmental impacts relating to personnel, infrastructure, and production equipment not directly consumed in the process are excluded from the system boundary as per the PCR (IEPDS 2015, Section 6.5.4). All other reported data were incorporated and modelled using the best available life cycle inventory data.NoneLCI modelling is fully consistent. For details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"NoneFor details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"None0.0Foreground data from 2015-16, validated in 2017.The data set represents an end-of-life inventory. It can be used to characterise the supply chain situation of the respective commodity in a representative manner. Combination with individual unit processes using this commodity enables the generation of user-specific (product) LCAs.No statementForest and Wood Products Australia Ltd.This background LCI data set can be used for any types of LCA studies.Sphera Solutions GmbH2021-02-01T00:00:00.000ILCD format 1.1Sphera Solutions GmbHNo official approval by producer or operator2021-02-01T00:00:00.00000.00.001Data set finalised; entirely publishedGaBi databasesForest and Wood Products Australia Ltd.trueOtherGaBi (source code, database including extension modules and single data sets, documentation) remains property of Sphera Solutions GmbH. Sphera Solutions GmbH delivers GaBi licenses comprising data storage medium and manual as ordered by the customer. The license guarantees the right of use for one installation of GaBi. Further installations using the same license are not permitted. Additional licenses are only valid if the licensee holds at least one main license. Licenses are not transferable and must only be used within the licensee's organisation. Data sets may be copied for internal use. The number of copies is restricted to the number of licenses of the software system GaBi the licensee owns. The right of use is exclusively valid for the licensee. All rights reserved.Softwood Glulam, untreatedInput1.01.00.000Mixed primary / secondaryUnknown derivationvaluable