363d6e4c-8c65-499b-90a0-023c7a9da3ccPlywood, exterior, A-bond, 7 mm (bracing) (EN 15804 A1-A3)technology mixproduction mix, at producer3.45 kg/m2 at 8% moisture content (dry basis) / 7.4% water content (wet basis)Materials productionOther materialsThis dataset has been prepared in accordance with ISO 14025:2006, EN 15804:2013, PCR 2012:01 of the International EPD System (2015) and the General Programme Instructions of the Australasian EPD® Programme (Version 2.0, 2017). It is cradle-to-gate (EN 15804 modules A1-A3) and starts with growing and harvesting logs from a forest. Logs are debarked and softened then cut into billets and rotary peeled to produce veneers. The veneers are clipped, dried and then graded by appearance. Defects are repaired using putty. Finished veneers are resin-bonded with the grain direction of each layer perpendicular to that of the previous layer and then hot pressed into a panel. A-bond (phenol formaldehyde) resin is most common and suitable for exterior applications, B-bond (melamine urea formaldehyde) is used for limited exposure applications with C-bond (urea formaldehyde) resin used for internal joinery. The final board is cut to size, sanded, finished (e.g. with added grooves and polypropylene tongue for flooring) and then labelled/branded using ink or paint. Depending on the product type, stacks of plywood may be left loose, held together with steel straps or wrapped in plastic film. A weighted average of all options is considered within this dataset. Preservative treatment is not included within the scope of this dataset. Wood used in these products is from Australian grown native and exotic (non-native) softwood species grown in plantations as well as hardwood species grown in native forests. The dominant softwood species used to produce plywood in Australia is Pinus radiata (radiata pine). Other softwood species used are Araucaria cunninghamii (hoop pine), Pinus pinaster (maritime pine) and the Southern Pines: Pinus elliottii (slash pine), Pinus caribaea (Caribbean pine) and hybrids thereof. Hardwood species are a variety of species harvested in NSW, Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania.
Primary data was collected from all domestic plywood producers in Australia for the period 2015-16. Economic allocation was used for co-products. Overall data quality is good.0This dataset represents average production of plywood in Australia from Australian-grown softwood and hardwood. Imports are not included.Foreground system:
Plywood prodution starts with growing and harvesting logs from a forest. Logs are debarked and softened then cut into billets and rotary peeled to produce veneers. The veneers are clipped, dried and then graded by appearance. Defects are repaired using putty. Finished veneers are resin-bonded with the grain direction of each layer perpendicular to that of the previous layer and then hot pressed into a panel. A-bond (phenol formaldehyde) resin is most common and suitable for exterior applications, B-bond (melamine urea formaldehyde) is used for limited exposure applications with C-bond (urea formaldehyde) resin used for internal joinery. The final board is cut to size, sanded, finished (e.g. with added grooves and polypropylene tongue for flooring) and then labelled/branded using ink or paint. Depending on the product type, stacks of plywood may be left loose, held together with steel straps or wrapped in plastic film. A weighted average of all options is considered within this dataset. Preservative treatment is not included within the scope of this dataset. Wood used in these products is from Australian grown native and exotic (non-native) softwood species grown in plantations as well as hardwood species grown in native forests. The dominant softwood species used to produce plywood in Australia is Pinus radiata (radiata pine). Other softwood species used are Araucaria cunninghamii (hoop pine), Pinus pinaster (maritime pine) and the Southern Pines: Pinus elliottii (slash pine), Pinus caribaea (Caribbean pine) and hybrids thereof. Hardwood species are a variety of species harvested in NSW, Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania.
Background system:
Electricity: Electricity is modelled according to the individual country-specific situations. The country-specific modelling is achieved on multiple levels. Firstly, individual energy carrier specific power plants and plants for renewable energy sources are modelled according to the current national electricity grid mix. Modelling the electricity consumption mix includes transmission / distribution losses and the own use by energy producers (own consumption of power plants and "other" own consumption e.g. due to pumped storage hydro power etc.), as well as imported electricity. Secondly, the national emission and efficiency standards of the power plants are modelled as well as the share of electricity plants and combined heat and power plants (CHP). Thirdly, the country-specific energy carrier supply (share of imports and / or domestic supply) including the country-specific energy carrier properties (e.g. element and energy content) are accounted for. Fourthly, the exploration, mining/production, processing and transport processes of the energy carrier supply chains are modelled according to the specific situation of each electricity producing country. The different production and processing techniques (emissions and efficiencies) in the different energy producing countries are considered, e.g. different crude oil production technologies or different flaring rates at the oil platforms.
Thermal energy, process steam: The thermal energy and process steam supply is modelled according to the individual country-specific situation with regard to emission standards and considered energy carriers. The thermal energy and process steam are produced at heat plants. Efficiencies for thermal energy production are by definition 100% in relation to the corresponding energy carrier input. For process steam the efficiency ranges from 85%, 90% to 95%. The energy carriers used for the generation of thermal energy and process steam are modelled according to the specific import situation (see electricity above).
Transports: All relevant and known transport processes are included. Ocean-going and inland ship transport as well as rail, truck and pipeline transport of bulk commodities are considered.
Energy carriers: The energy carriers are modelled according to the specific supply situation (see electricity above).
Refinery products: Diesel fuel, gasoline, technical gases, fuel oils, lubricants and residues such as bitumen are modelled with a parameterised country-specific refinery model. The refinery model represents the current national standard in refining techniques (e.g. emission level, internal energy consumption, etc.) as well as the individual country-specific product output spectrum, which can be quite different from country to country. The supply of crude oil is modelled, again, according to the country-specific situation with the respective properties of the resources.Electricity grid mixAU: Softwood timber, kiln-dried, rough-sawn, untreated (EN15804 A1-A3) FWPAAU: Hardwood timber, green, rough-sawn, untreated (EN 15804 A1-A3) FWPADiesel mix at filling stationPhenol formaldehyde resinInsecticide unspecific (Pyrethroid)Wheat flour (wheat mill) (economic allocation)Water (desalinated; deionised)Sodium hydroxide (from chlorine-alkali electrolysis, diaphragm)Thermal energy from biomass (solid)Thermal energy from natural gasAcrylate resin (solvent-systems)Chromated copper arsenateMunicipal waste water treatment (sludge deposited on landfill)Polyacrylate ink (approximation)Paint water-based (building, interior, white, wear resistant)Steel hot rolled coil (EN15804 A1-A3)Screen printing ink whitePolyethylene Film (PE-LD) without additivesGravel (Grain size 2/32) (EN15804 A1-A3)Dried quartz sand (grain size 0/2)Asphalt binder (rolled asphalt) estimationExpanded clay (EN15804 A1-A3)Process steam from natural gas 90%Ammonia (NH3) without CO2 recovery (carbon dioxide emissions to air)Gasoline mix (regular) at filling stationUsed in application areas such as structural bracing, concrete formwork, cladding, flooring, webbed beams, boats, aircraft, door skins, furniture, wall panels and architectural joinery in exterior and interior environments.renewables_plywood generic parameterized.jpgLCI resultAttributionalNoneAllocation - market valueAllocation - element contentAllocation - massAllocation - volumeUpstream data: For refinery products, allocation is done by mass and net calorific value. Inventories for electricity and thermal energy generation include allocation by economic value for some by-products (e.g. gypsum, boiler ash and fly ash). Allocation by energy is applied for co-generation of heat and power. For materials and chemicals, the allocation rule most suitable for the product is applied. Co-products (e.g. sawn wood and sawdust from milling): As the difference in economic value of the coproducts is high (>25% as per EN 15804, Section 6.4.3.2), allocation has been done by economic value.Foreground system: none
Background system: All data used in the calculation of the LCI results refer to net calorific value.NoneGaBi Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Water Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Energy Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Refinery Modelling PrinciplesGaBi Agriculture Model DocumentationGaBi Land Use Change Model DocumentationEnvironmental impacts relating to personnel, infrastructure, and production equipment not directly consumed in the process are excluded from the system boundary as per the PCR (IEPDS 2015, Section 6.5.4). All other reported data were incorporated and modelled using the best available life cycle inventory data.LCI modelling is fully consistent. For details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"For details please see the document "GaBi Databases Modelling Principles"NoneEnvironmental Product Declaration: Plywood0.0Primary data were collected from a sample of Australian forest and wood products manufacturers for each product category. This study covered 100% of total domestic plywood production in Australia. Production of the dataset and validation of the data have been facilitated by FWPA with the participation of all of its current plywood producer members listed below providing data and financial contributions.
Ausply Pty Ltd
Austral Plywoods
Big River Timbers
Carter Holt Harvey Woodproducts Australia
Ta AnnForeground data from 2015-16, but validated in 2017.The data set represents a cradle-to-gate inventory. It can be used to characterise the supply chain situation of the respective commodity in a representative manner. Combination with individual unit processes using this commodity enables the generation of user-specific (product) LCAs.No statementThe LCI method applied is in compliance with ISO 14040 and 14044. The documentation includes all relevant information in view of the data quality and scope of the application of the respective LCI result / data set. The dataset represents the state-of-the-art in view of the referenced functional unit.Kimberly Robertson, Catalyst Ltd.Overall quality according to different validation schemes
GaBi = 1,8 interpreted into "good overall quality" in the GaBi quality validation scheme
ILCD = 1,9 interpreted into "basic overall quality" in the ILCD quality validation scheme
PEF = 1,8 interpreted into "very good overall quality" in the PEF quality validation schemeThe dataset and systems, which are provided with our software and databases for public use into a broad user community, are constantly used, compared, benchmarked, screened, reviewed and results published in various external, professional and third party LCA applications in industry, academia and politics. So user feedback via the online GaBi forum or direct via user information is a standard routine in the maintenance and update process and leads to stable quality and constant control and improvement of data, if knowledge or technology improves or industrial process chains develop or change.GaBi user forumGaBi bug forumGaBi user communityGaBi conformity systemFully compliantFully compliantFully compliantFully compliantFully compliantNot definedUNEP SETAC Life Cycle InitiativeNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedNot definedILCD Data Network - Entry-levelNot definedFully compliantFully compliantNot definedFully compliantNot definedForest and Wood Products Australia Ltd.This background LCI data set can be used for any types of LCA studies.Sphera Solutions GmbH2021-02-01T00:00:00.000ILCD format 1.1Sphera Solutions GmbHNo official approval by producer or operator2021-02-01T00:00:00.00000.00.001Data set finalised; entirely publishedGaBi databasesForest and Wood Products Australia Ltd.trueOtherGaBi (source code, database including extension modules and single data sets, documentation) remains property of Sphera Solutions GmbH. Sphera Solutions GmbH delivers GaBi licenses comprising data storage medium and manual as ordered by the customer. The license guarantees the right of use for one installation of GaBi. Further installations using the same license are not permitted. Additional licenses are only valid if the licensee holds at least one main license. Licenses are not transferable and must only be used within the licensee's organisation. Data sets may be copied for internal use. The number of copies is restricted to the number of licenses of the software system GaBi the licensee owns. The right of use is exclusively valid for the licensee. All rights reserved.Plywood, exterior, A-bond, 7 mm (bracing)Output1.01.00.000Mixed primary / secondaryUnknown derivationvaluable